HIND-YEVROPA TILLARIDA RAVISHLARNING O‘RGANILISHI: TASNIFI, TURLARI VA LINGVISTIK YONDASHUVLAR
This article examines the study of adverbs in Indo-European languages from semantic, syntactic, morphological, and diachronic perspectives. It discusses the heterogeneous nature of adverbs as a grammatical category and outlines the major principles used in their classification, including meaning, syntactic distribution, word formation, and historical origin. Special attention is given to the development of adverbs from fossilized case forms, particles, pronominal stems, and deictic elements in early Indo-European languages. The article also reviews influential approaches proposed by linguists such as Otto Jespersen, Ray Jackendoff, Irena Bellert, Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, Jan Svartvik, Thomas Ernst, Guglielmo Cinque, and Paolo Ramat. The analysis shows that adverbs should be treated not as a uniform lexical class, but as a functional domain shaped by interaction between grammar, meaning, discourse, and historical change
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