SYNERGETIC INTERPRETATION OF AL-BIRUNI’S SOCIAL VIEWS: SOCIETY AS A SELF-ORGANISING SYSTEM
Al-Biruni left no treatise on society; his social views are scattered across his encyclopedic works, while E. Sachau’s image of a
defender of “throne and altar” rested on isolated quotations. Using source analysis, historical-philosophical reconstruction and a
retrospectively applied synergetic framework, the article reconstructs his ideas on the origin of society in needs and cooperation,
money as convention, forced labour, just governance and the family. It shows that the distinction between order by agreement and
order by coercion is Biruni’s criterion of social stability, and re-examines Sachau’s verdict against the full text of “India”.
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