TURONNING TOG‘-KONCHILIGI TARIXI: AYRIM YOZMA MANBALAR TAHLILI (ENG ESKI CHOG‘LAR – MILODIY 8-YUZYILLIKLAR BOSHI)
This article analyzes the role of the Turan region in antiquity within the systems of mining, raw material production, and trade, based on written sources. Since ancient times, the territory of Turan has held significant historical importance as a major center of raw materials and production, rich in precious stones and metals. Furthermore, the role of this region in mining and trade systems is examined through various written sources, including cuneiform documents, Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, as well as ancient Greek and Roman sources. References in these sources to lapis lazuli, gold, silver, tin, and other raw materials indicate that the region possessed an export-oriented economic system.
1. Иванов П.П. К истории развития горного промысла Средний Азии. – Москва, 1932. – 80 с.
2. Массон М.Е. К истории горного дела на территории Узбекистана. – Ташкент, 1953. ‒ 75 с.
3. Axmedov G‘.J. Manbalarda Markaziy Osiyo metallsozlik va konchilik tarixiga doir ma’lumotlar tahlili // Ilm-fan va innovatsiya: ilmiy-amaliy konferensiya materiallari. 2025. Tom 3. № 10. – 145 – 150-betlar.
4. Larsen M.T. Ancient Kanesh: A Merchant Colony in Bronze Age Anatolia. – New York, 2015. – 330 p.
5. Michel C. Women of Assur and Kanesh: Texts from the Archives of Assyrian Merchants. Writings from the Ancient World. – Atlanta, 2020. – 569 p.
6. Сарианиди В.И. О великом лазуритовом пути на древнем Востоке // КСИА. – Москва, 1968. Вып. 114. – С. 3 – 9; Campeggi M. The circulation and use of lapis lazuli and carnelian in Mesopotamia between the Late Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age I // Origini. № XLVI. – Roma. 2022. – P. 29 – 56; Casanova M.M. Le lapis-lazuli, la pierre précieuse de l’Orient ancien // Dialogues d’histoire ancienne. Vol. 27. № 2. – Besançon, 2001. – P. 149 – 170; Abgrall L. Le lapis-lazuli, commerce, symbolique et utilisation du deuxième millénaire avant J.-C. au début du XVI e siècle. – Paris, 2020. – 408 p; Law R. Evaluating Potential Lapis Lazuli Sources for Ancient South Asia Using Sulfur Isotope Analysis // Lamberg-Karlovsky C.C., and Genito B. (eds.). “My Life is like the Summer Rose”. Maurizio Tosi e l’Archeologia come modo di vivere: Papers in honour of Maurizio Tosi for his 70th birthday. – Oxford, 2014. – P. 419 – 429; Zöldföldi J., Richter S., Kasztovszky Zs., Mihály J. Where does lapis lazuli come from? Non-Destructive Provenance Analysis by PGAA. In: 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry, Zaragoza, Spain. 3 – 7 May 2004. – Zaragoza, 2006. – P. 353 – 361; Jonathan M.K. Lapis lazuli: Beadmaking in Afghanistan and Pakistan // Ornament 15. № 3. 1992. – P. 70 – 74.
7. Henri-Paul Francfort, Xavier Tremblay. Marhaši et la civilisation de l’Oxus // Iranica Antiqua. Vol. XLV. 2010. – P. 51 – 224.
8. Бакри А. Аль-Х. Аварис и Гонур // Всеобщая история. 2012. № 1. – С. 19 – 29.
9. Helle S. Gilgamesh: A new translation of the ancient epic. – New Haven, London, 2021. – 286 p.
10. Renouf P., Naville E. The Egyptian Book of the Dead: Translation and commentary. – London, 1904. – 376 p.
11. Winter I.J. The aesthetic Value of Lapis Lazuli in Mesopotamia. Cornaline et pierres précieuses: La Méditerranée de l' Antiquité à l' Islam. – Paris, 1999. – P. 43 – 58.
12. Пьянков И.В. Средняя Азия и Евразийская степь в древности. – СПб., 2013. – 736 с.
13. Theophrastus. On Stones / trans. and comm. Caley E.R., Richards J.F.C. – Ohio, 1956. – 239 p.
14. Арриан. Поход Александра / Пер. Сергеенко М.Е. – Москва, Ленинград, 1962. – 384 c.
15. Pliny. Natural History. Vol. X (Books 36 – 37) / D.E. Eichholz. London, 1971. – 345 p.
16. Clarysse W., Thompson D.J. Two greek texts on skin from hellenistic Bactria // Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. Band. 159. – Bonn, 2007. – P. 273 – 279.
17. Пичикян И.Р. Культура Бактрии. Ахеменидский и эллинистический период. – Москва, 1991. – 343 с.
18. Попов А.А. Греко-бактрийское царство. – СПб., 2008. – 240 с.
19. Bernard P. Campagne de fouilles 1976 – 1977 à Aï Khanoum (Afghanistan) // Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. 1978. T. 122. № 2. – P. 421 – 463; Rapin C. La trésorerie hellénistique d’Aï Khanoum // Revue Archéologique. 1987. Nouvelle série. Fasc. 1. – P. 41 – 70.
20. Тер-Мкртчян Л.Х. Армянские источники о Средней Азии V – VII вв. – Москва, 1979. – 100 c.
21. Аскаров А.А. Новые подходы к изучению истории Древнего Хорезма // Ўзбекистон тарихи. 2007. № 4. – С. 11 – 21.
Copyright (c) 2026 «ACTA NUUz»
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
.jpg)
1.png)
