MODELS OF STATE–RELIGION RELATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MALAYSIA, INDONESIA, AND SINGAPORE
This article provides a comparative analysis of institutional models of state–religion relations in Southeast Asia, using the cases of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore. The main objective of the study is to identify the legal, political, and social mechanisms of religious governance in these countries and to assess their impact on societal stability. Methodologically, the research employs an institutional approach, comparative analysis, and systems analysis. The findings indicate that Malaysia has developed a statesupported Islamic model; Indonesia has established a pluralistic and balanced model based on the “Pancasila” principle; whereas Singapore has adopted a strict secular and pragmatic governance model. Each model is shaped by historical factors, ethnic composition, and political strategies. The study concludes that maintaining a balance between state and religion is a necessary condition for social stability, religious tolerance, and political legitimacy.
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