THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISEASES
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Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD or Russian RAS) have been widely researched as one of the diseases associated with the gut microbiome of the nervous system. Using the knowledge of microbes helps to understand this disease in a comprehensive way. Interestingly, researchers have also attracted the attention of the mother's oral cavity and vaginal microbiome as an important factor in the etiopathology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Thus, this review attempts to summarize knowledge about the microbiome and its relationship to the hypothesized etiology of ASK and related diseases. Effects of diet, prebiotics, probiotics, antibiotics, and fecal microbe transplantation on ASK have also been analyzed. Among them, the use of diet and probiotics is the most promising and advanced means due to the fact that they do not have side effects and are easy to take. Current gaps in knowledge and research call for larger and bolder investigations into the relationship between autism and the microbiome.
Nilufar ELOVA, & Shahlo MIRALIMOVA. (2024). THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISEASES. «ACTA NUUz», 1(1.3), 172–176. https://doi.org/10.69617/nuuz.v1i1.3.1761
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18. Li, Q., Han, Y., Dy, A. B. C., and Hagerman, R. J. (2017). The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 11:120. doi: 10.3389/ fncel.2017.00120
19. Mayer, E. A. (2011). Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut–brain communication. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 453–466. doi: 10.1038/nrn3071
20. Doenyas, C. (2018). Gut microbiota, inflammation, and probiotics on neural development in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 374, 271–286. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2018.01.060
21. de Theije, C. G., Wu, J., Da Silva, S. L., Kamphuis, P. J., Garssen, J., Korte, S. M., et al. (2011). Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders as future targets for disease management. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 668, S70–S80. doi: 10.1016/j. ejphar.2011.07.013
22. Ashwood, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Pessah, I., and Van de Water, J. (2011). Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome. Brain Behav. Immun. 25, 40–45. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003
23. Critchfield, J. W., Van Hemert, S., Ash, M., Mulder, L., and Ashwood, P. (2011). The potential role of probiotics in the management of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2011, 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2011/161358
24. Cekici, H., and Sanlier, N. (2019). Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: a review. Nutr. Neurosci. 22, 145–155. doi: 10.1080/ 1028415X.2017.1358481
25. Shaaban, S. Y., El Gendy, Y. G., Mehanna, N. S., El-Senousy, W. M., El-Feki, H. S., Saad, K., et al. (2018). The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: a prospective, open-label study. Nutr. Neurosci. 21, 676–681. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1347746
26. Grossi, E., Melli, S., Dunca, D., and Terruzzi, V. (2016). Unexpected improvement in core autism spectrum disorder symptoms after long-term treatment with probiotics. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 4:2050313X16666231. doi: 10.1177/2050313X16666231
27. Xiong, X., Liu, D., Wang, Y., Zeng, T., and Peng, Y. (2016). Urinary 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3-hydroxyhippuric acid are elevated in children with autism spectrum disorders. Biomed Res. Int. 2016:9485412. doi: 10.1155/2016/9485412
28. Li, Q., and Zhou, J.-M. (2016). The microbiota–gut–brain axis and its potential therapeutic role in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 324, 131–139. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2016.03.013
29. Borisova, T. (2018). Nervous system injury in response to contact with environmental, engineered and planetary micro-and nano-sized particles. Front. Physiol. 9:728. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00728
30. Israelyan, N., and Margolis, K. G. (2019). Reprint of: serotonin as a link between the gut-brain-microbiome axis in autism spectrum disorders. Pharmacol. Res. 140, 115–120. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.023
31. Bravo, J. A., Forsythe, P., Chew, M. V., Escaravage, E., Savignac, H. M., Dinan, T. G., et al. (2011). Ingestion of lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 16050–16055. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1102999108
32. Tabouy, L., Getselter, D., Ziv, O., Karpuj, M., Tabouy, T., Lukic, I., et al. (2018). Dysbiosis of microbiome and probiotic treatment in a genetic model of autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav. Immun. 73, 310–319. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.015
33. Davenport M., Mach K.E., Shortliffe L.M.D., Banaei N., Wang T.H., Liao J.C. New and developing diagnostic technologies for urinary tract infections. Nat. Rev. Urol. 2017; 14(5): 296–310. https://doi. org/10.1038/nrurol.2017.20
2. Loomes, R.; Hull, L.; Mandy, W.P.L. What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2017, 56, 466-474, doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013.
3. Catalá-López, F.; Ridao, M.; Hurtado, I.; Núñez-Beltrán, A.; Gènova-Maleras, R.; Alonso-Arroyo, A.; Tobías, A.; Aleixandre-Benavent, R.; Catalá, M.A.; Tabarés-Seisdedos, R. Prevalence and comorbidity of autism spectrum disorder in Spain: study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Syst. Rev. 2019, 8, 141, doi:10.1186/s13643-019-1061-1.
4. Vos, T.; Abajobir, A.A.; Abate, K.H.; Abbafati, C.; Abbas, K.M.; Abd-Allah, F.; Abdulkader, R.S.; Abdulle, A.M.; Abebo, T.A.; Abera, S.F. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017, 390, 1211-1259, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2.
5. Li Q, Han Y, Dy ABC, Hagerman RJ. The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11:120.
6. Howes, O. D., Rogdaki, M., Findon, J. L., Wichers, R. H., Charman, T., King, B. H., et al. (2018). Autism spectrum disorder: consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J. Psychopharmacol. 32, 3–29. doi: 10.1177/0269881117741766
7. Chaidez, V., Hansen, R. L., and Hertz-Picciotto, I. (2014). Gastrointestinal problems in children with autism, developmental delays or typical development. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 44, 1117–1127. doi: 10.1007/s10803-013-1973-x
8. Frye, R. E., and Rossignol, D. A. (2016). Identification and treatment of pathophysiological comorbidities of autism spectrum disorder to achieve optimal outcomes. Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr. 10, 43–56. doi: 10.4137/CMPed.S38337.
9. Wang, H.-X., and Wang, Y.-P. (2016). Gut microbiota-brain axis. Chin. Med. J. 129, 2373–2380. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.190667.
10. Strati, F., Cavalieri, D., Albanese, D., De Felice, C., Donati, C., Hayek, J., et al. (2017). New evidences on the altered gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorders. Microbiome 5, 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s40168-017-0242-1.
11. Liu, S., Li, E., Sun, Z., Fu, D., Duan, G., Jiang, M., et al. (2019). Altered gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids in Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder. Sci. Rep. 9, 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36430-z
12. Luna, R. A., Oezguen, N., Balderas, M., Venkatachalam, A., Runge, J. K., Versalovic, J., et al. (2017). Distinct microbiome-neuroimmune signatures correlate with functional abdominal pain in children with autism spectrum disorder. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 3, 218–230. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.11.008
13. Iovene, M. R., Bombace, F., Maresca, R., Sapone, A., Iardino, P., Picardi, A., et al. (2017). Intestinal dysbiosis and yeast isolation in stool of subjects with autism spectrum disorders. Mycopathologia 182, 349–363. doi: 10.1007/s11046-016-0068-6
14. Kushak, R. I., Winter, H. S., Buie, T. M., Cox, S. B., Phillips, C. D., and Ward, N. L. (2017). Analysis of the duodenal microbiome in autistic individuals: association with carbohydrate digestion. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 64, e110–e116. doi: 10.1097/ MPG.0000000000001458
15. Kong, X., Liu, J., Cetinbas, M., Sadreyev, R., Koh, M., Huang, H., et al. (2019). New and preliminary evidence on altered oral and gut microbiota in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD): implications for ASD diagnosis and subtyping based on microbial biomarkers. Nutrients 11:2128. doi: 10.3390/nu11092128
16. Parracho, H. M., Bingham, M. O., Gibson, G. R., and McCartney, A. L. (2005). Differences between the gut microflora of children with autistic spectrum disorders and that of healthy children. J. Med. Microbiol. 54, 987–991. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46101-0
17. Dinan, T. G., and Cryan, J. F. (2015). The impact of gut microbiota on brain and behaviour: implications for psychiatry. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 18, 552–558. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000221
18. Li, Q., Han, Y., Dy, A. B. C., and Hagerman, R. J. (2017). The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 11:120. doi: 10.3389/ fncel.2017.00120
19. Mayer, E. A. (2011). Gut feelings: the emerging biology of gut–brain communication. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 453–466. doi: 10.1038/nrn3071
20. Doenyas, C. (2018). Gut microbiota, inflammation, and probiotics on neural development in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 374, 271–286. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2018.01.060
21. de Theije, C. G., Wu, J., Da Silva, S. L., Kamphuis, P. J., Garssen, J., Korte, S. M., et al. (2011). Pathways underlying the gut-to-brain connection in autism spectrum disorders as future targets for disease management. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 668, S70–S80. doi: 10.1016/j. ejphar.2011.07.013
22. Ashwood, P., Krakowiak, P., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Hansen, R., Pessah, I., and Van de Water, J. (2011). Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome. Brain Behav. Immun. 25, 40–45. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003
23. Critchfield, J. W., Van Hemert, S., Ash, M., Mulder, L., and Ashwood, P. (2011). The potential role of probiotics in the management of childhood autism spectrum disorders. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2011, 1–8. doi: 10.1155/2011/161358
24. Cekici, H., and Sanlier, N. (2019). Current nutritional approaches in managing autism spectrum disorder: a review. Nutr. Neurosci. 22, 145–155. doi: 10.1080/ 1028415X.2017.1358481
25. Shaaban, S. Y., El Gendy, Y. G., Mehanna, N. S., El-Senousy, W. M., El-Feki, H. S., Saad, K., et al. (2018). The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: a prospective, open-label study. Nutr. Neurosci. 21, 676–681. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1347746
26. Grossi, E., Melli, S., Dunca, D., and Terruzzi, V. (2016). Unexpected improvement in core autism spectrum disorder symptoms after long-term treatment with probiotics. SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 4:2050313X16666231. doi: 10.1177/2050313X16666231
27. Xiong, X., Liu, D., Wang, Y., Zeng, T., and Peng, Y. (2016). Urinary 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3-hydroxyhippuric acid are elevated in children with autism spectrum disorders. Biomed Res. Int. 2016:9485412. doi: 10.1155/2016/9485412
28. Li, Q., and Zhou, J.-M. (2016). The microbiota–gut–brain axis and its potential therapeutic role in autism spectrum disorder. Neuroscience 324, 131–139. doi: 10.1016/j. neuroscience.2016.03.013
29. Borisova, T. (2018). Nervous system injury in response to contact with environmental, engineered and planetary micro-and nano-sized particles. Front. Physiol. 9:728. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00728
30. Israelyan, N., and Margolis, K. G. (2019). Reprint of: serotonin as a link between the gut-brain-microbiome axis in autism spectrum disorders. Pharmacol. Res. 140, 115–120. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.12.023
31. Bravo, J. A., Forsythe, P., Chew, M. V., Escaravage, E., Savignac, H. M., Dinan, T. G., et al. (2011). Ingestion of lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 108, 16050–16055. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1102999108
32. Tabouy, L., Getselter, D., Ziv, O., Karpuj, M., Tabouy, T., Lukic, I., et al. (2018). Dysbiosis of microbiome and probiotic treatment in a genetic model of autism spectrum disorders. Brain Behav. Immun. 73, 310–319. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.015
33. Davenport M., Mach K.E., Shortliffe L.M.D., Banaei N., Wang T.H., Liao J.C. New and developing diagnostic technologies for urinary tract infections. Nat. Rev. Urol. 2017; 14(5): 296–310. https://doi. org/10.1038/nrurol.2017.20
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