THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIM RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN THE EAST
This article analyzes the historical stages of the development of religious studies in the Muslim East. It highlights how early apologetic approaches based on the Qur'an and hadith evolved into a distinct scientific discipline in the 9th–12th centuries through philosophical and comparative inquiry. The contributions of thinkers such as al-Biruni, Shahristani, Ibn Hazm, and Abu’l-Ma‘ālī Ubaydullah are thoroughly examined. The 19th century is presented as a turning point during the age of modernism, when Muslim scholars began to respond academically to Western critiques and promoted interreligious dialogue. The study applies source analysis, historical-typological, and comparative methodologies to explore the intellectual foundations of Islamic religious studies. These approaches serve as a theoretical basis for modern interfaith dialogue and comparative religion
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